ripe
2024-05-01T14:06:15Z
4
9
6,144
34,359,738,368
| CIDR | Description | IP Num |
|---|---|---|
93.101.0.0/20
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4096 |
|
185.40.12.0/22
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 1024 |
|
194.187.172.0/22
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 1024 |
194.187.174.0/24
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 256 |
| CIDR | Description | IP NUMs(prefix /64) |
|---|---|---|
|
2a04:a9c0::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c0::/29
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 34359738368 |
|
2a04:a9c1::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c2::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c3::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c4::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c5::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c6::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
|
2a04:a9c7::/32
|
SED Multitel s.r.l. | 4294967296 |
| AS | Description | Country / Region | IPv4 NUMs | IPv6 NUMs | IPv4 | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AS20932 | SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH |
|
9,472 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4  |
IPv6 |
| AS35625 | EUROFIBER-FRANCE - Eurofiber France SAS, FR |
|
31,488 | 103,095,992,320 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS37468 | ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO |
|
9,472 | 42,949,672,960 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS30844 | LIQUID-AS - Liquid Telecommunications Ltd, GB |
|
387,840 | 38,654,705,664 |  |
IPv6 |
| AS5394 | Unidata - UNIDATA S.p.A., IT |
|
91,904 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS6667 | EUNET-FINLAND - Elisa Oyj, FI |
|
2,560 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS12779 | ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT |
|
47,104 | 42,949,869,568 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS15605 | CONNESI - Connesi s.p.a., IT |
|
20,992 | 17,179,869,184 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS15943 | WTNET-AS - wilhelm.tel GmbH, DE |
|
354,560 | 38,654,836,736 | IPv4 |
|
| AS34019 | HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR |
|
2,560 | 1,245,184 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS34428 | EIGHTROUTE - Giulio Lo Presti, IT |
|
512 | 68,719,476,736 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS51184 | FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT |
|
13,824 | 111,669,149,696 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS8218 | NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR |
|
47,104 | 12,884,967,424 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS12552 | GlobalConnect-AS12552 - GlobalConnect AB, SE |
|
564,992 | 210,454,380,544 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS53062 | GGNET TELECOMUNICACOES LTDA, BR |
|
28,416 | 4,848,746,496 | IPv4 |
|
| AS137409 | GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU |
|
140,800 | 77,423,378,434 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS209823 | ENKI-AS - Enki Multimedia EURL, FR |
|
768 | 4,295,360,512 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS214443 | BEBYTE - BE BYTE SRL, IT |
|
512 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS3257 | GTT-BACKBONE - GTT Communications Inc., US |
|
8,552,448 | 442,382,745,600 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS20811 | BRENNERCOM-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT |
|
68,096 | 68,719,476,736 | IPv4 |
|
| AS24482 | SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG |
|
20,992 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS35360 | GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH |
|
1,024 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS48362 | TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT |
|
7,936 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS272403 | RAFAEL RIGOBERTO LOPEZ OROZCO, MX |
|
4,096 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS34927 | iFog-GmbH - iFog GmbH, CH |
|
9,728 | 328,925,184 | |
IPv6 |
| AS31510 | IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT |
|
27,904 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS9002 | RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB |
|
26,624 | 4,831,838,208 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS3303 | SWISSCOM - Swisscom (Schweiz) AG, CH |
|
3,517,440 | 204,347,408,384 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS5392 | TELNET-ITALY - TELNET S.r.l., IT |
|
16,384 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS15547 | NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH |
|
135,424 | 42,949,672,960 | IPv4 |
|
| AS12577 | MMC-AT-AS - MMC GmbH, AT |
|
9,216 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
|
| AS41327 | FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT |
|
7,168 | 68,719,476,736 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS61573 | IP TELECOM, BR |
|
1,024 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS6204 | ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO |
|
3,840 | 268,500,999 | IPv4 |
|
| AS174 | COGENT-174 - Cogent Communications, LLC, US |
|
36,233,472 | 215,834,689,537 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS3356 | LEVEL3 - Level 3 Parent, LLC, US |
|
28,864,512 | 81,626,398,720 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS6695 | DECIX-AS - DE-CIX Management GmbH, DE |
|
0 | 0 | IPv4 |
|
| AS6762 | SEABONE-NET - TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A., IT |
|
285,952 | 8,594,194,432 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS12637 | SEEWEB - SEEWEB s.r.l., IT |
|
81,920 | 188,978,561,024 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS49605 | DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT |
|
9,216 | 38,654,705,664 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS50877 | AIRBEAM-AS - Airbeam S.r.l., IT |
|
6,144 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS8660 | MATRIX-AS - Italiaonline S.p.A., IT |
|
28,672 | 0 | IPv4 |
|
| AS13237 | LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE |
|
570,112 | 107,374,182,400 | IPv4 |
|
| AS47692 | NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT |
|
37,376 | 34,359,869,440 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS1764 | NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT |
|
84,736 | 236,223,463,424 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS2914 | NTT-DATA-2914 - NTT America, Inc., US |
|
6,499,584 | 30,065,033,216 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS6939 | HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US |
|
458,496 | 283,043,982,606,336 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS13058 | serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE |
|
2,048 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS39351 | ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE |
|
14,592 | 12,886,081,536 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS49709 | VIDEOBYTE - Videobyte S.r.l., IT |
|
2,048 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS559 | Switch - SWITCH, CH |
|
2,184,960 | 176,093,790,208 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS58511 | ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU |
|
22,528 | 8,589,934,592 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS16347 | INHERENT - ADISTA SAS, FR |
|
250,880 | 390,842,023,936 | |
IPv6 |
| AS35280 | F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR |
|
55,808 | 81,604,378,624 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS52075 | WIFIRST - Wifirst S.A.S., FR |
|
132,352 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS56987 | AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR |
|
1,280 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS47147 | AS-ANX - Anexia Cloud Solutions GmbH, AT |
|
1,536 | 131,072 | IPv4 |
|
| AS13030 | INIT7 - Init7 (Switzerland) Ltd., CH |
|
117,248 | 107,395,481,600 | |
IPv6 |
| AS37721 | Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF |
|
15,872 | 8,589,934,592 | IPv4 |
|
| AS39120 | CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT |
|
42,496 | 17,179,869,184 | IPv4 |
|
| AS1267 | ASN-WINDTRE - WIND TRE S.P.A., IT |
|
7,402,752 | 2,233,382,993,920 | IPv4 |
|
| AS6663 | TTI-NET - Euroweb Romania S.R.L., RO |
|
39,680 | 6,442,450,944 | IPv4 |
|
| AS18106 | VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG |
|
53,248 | 13,153,337,344 | IPv4 |
|
| AS25091 | IP-Max - IP-Max SA, CH |
|
15,104 | 68,719,607,808 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS39642 | Sinal-AS - Sinal A/S, DK |
|
560,128 | 146,028,953,600 | IPv4 |
|
| AS57111 | ALTITUD - NOVA NETWORKS S.R.L., IT |
|
3,072 | 34,359,738,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS7195 | EDGEUNO S.A.S, CO |
|
32,000 | 4,274,061,312 | IPv4 |
|
| AS22356 | Durand do Brasil Ltda, BR |
|
25,856 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS37100 | SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU |
|
1,072,896 | 12,884,901,888 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS48768 | BMNETWORKS - GTECH SWEDEN INTERACTIVE AB, SE |
|
4,096 | 0 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS49544 | i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL |
|
116,992 | 356,753,080,320 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS20912 | ASN-PANSERVICE - Giuliano Claudio Peritore trading as "Panservice s.a.s. di Cuseo Fabrizio & C.", IT |
|
18,432 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS34177 | CELESTE-AS - Celeste SAS, FR |
|
229,376 | 98,784,247,808 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS57463 | NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG |
|
256 | 0 | IPv4 |
|
| AS199524 | GCORE - G-Core Labs S.A., LU |
|
125,952 | 118,226,945 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS3269 | ASN-IBSNAZ - Telecom Italia S.p.A., IT |
|
19,922,944 | 17,592,186,044,416 | IPv4 |
|
| AS6453 | AS6453 - TATA COMMUNICATIONS (AMERICA) INC, US |
|
506,880 | 55,834,640,384 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS29075 | IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR |
|
31,232 | 107,374,247,936 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS32590 | VALVE-CORPORATION - Valve Corporation, US |
|
13,568 | 2,293,760 | IPv4 |
|
| AS60602 | INOVARE-AS - Inovare-Prim SRL, MD |
|
3,584 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS202032 | GOLINE - GOLINE SA, CH |
|
1,024 | 4,294,967,296 | IPv4 |
|
| AS9009 | M247 - M247 Europe SRL, RO |
|
1,569,536 | 257,769,079,040 | IPv4 |
|
| AS1299 | TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE |
|
411,392 | 77,326,778,368 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS14537 | CL-1379-14537 - Continent 8 LLC, US |
|
65,536 | 12,884,901,888 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| AS14840 | BR.Digital Telecom, BR |
|
72,960 | 14,010,613,760 | IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| Country / Region | IX | IPv4 | IPv6 | Port Speed | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
DE-CIX Frankfurt - DE-CIX Frankfurt | 80.81.195.232 | 2001:7f8::8af6:0:1 | 1 Gbps | 2026-06-22 22:03:04 |
| |
Namex Rome - Nautilus Mediterranean Exchange Point | 193.201.28.35 | 2001:7f8:10::3:5574 | 10 Gbps | 2026-06-22 22:03:04 |
| |
LINX LON1 - London Internet Exchange Ltd. | 195.66.224.179 | 2001:7f8:4::8af6:1 | 1 Gbps | 2026-06-22 22:03:04 |
| |
AMS-IX - Amsterdam Internet Exchange | 80.249.210.171 | 2001:7f8:1::a503:5574:1 | 1 Gbps | 2026-06-22 22:03:04 |
| |
MIX-IT - Milan Internet eXchange | 217.29.66.72 | 2001:7f8:b:100:1d1:a5d3:5574:72 | 10 Gbps | 2026-06-22 22:03:04 |
| Country / Region | Name | City | Website | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Namex Datacenter Rome | Rome | https://www.namex.it | 2019-10-04 08:27:47 |
| |
MIX DC CALDERA | Milan | https://www.mix-it.net/ | 2024-04-10 15:00:23 |
| as-block | |
|---|---|
| descr | RIPE NCC ASN block |
| remarks | These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region. |
| mnt-by | RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT |
| created | 2024-05-01T14:06:15Z |
| last-modified | 2024-05-01T14:06:15Z |
| source | RIPE |
| aut-num | |
|---|---|
| as-name | BrightstarLottery |
| descr | Brightstar Lottery S.p.A. is an Italian company providing regulated games. |
| import | from AS6453 accept ANY from AS3356 accept ANY from AS174 accept ANY from AS1299 accept ANY from AS3257 accept ANY from AS6461 accept ANY from AS8928 accept ANY from AS2914 accept ANY from AS3269 accept AS-IBSCUST |
| export | to AS6453 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS3356 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS174 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS1299 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS3257 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS6461 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS8928 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS2914 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS3269 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL to AS61315 announce ANY to AS48768 announce ANY to AS41507 announce ANY to AS48177 announce ANY |
| import-via | |
| export-via | |
| mp-import | afi ipv6.unicast from AS6453 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS3356 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS174 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS3257 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS6461 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS8928 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS2914 accept ANY afi ipv6.unicast from AS3269 accept AS-IBSCUST |
| mp-export | afi ipv6.unicast to AS6453 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS3356 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS174 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS3257 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS6461 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS8928 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS2914 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS3269 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL afi ipv6.unicast to AS61315 announce ANY afi ipv6.unicast to AS48768 announce ANY afi ipv6.unicast to AS41507 announce ANY afi ipv6.unicast to AS48177 announce ANY |
| org | ORG-LS35-RIPE |
| admin-c | SMR73-RIPE |
| tech-c | SMR73-RIPE |
| status | ASSIGNED |
| notify | |
| mnt-by | RIPE-NCC-END-MNT SEDM |
| created | 2005-09-07T12:56:12Z |
| last-modified | 2026-02-02T08:33:38Z |
| source | RIPE |
| organisation | ORG-LS35-RIPE |
|---|---|
| org-name | SED Multitel s.r.l. |
| country | IT |
| reg-nr | 03748020967 |
| org-type | LIR |
| descr | SED Multitel S.r.l. manages network infrastructures |
| address | Viale del Campo Boario 56/d 00154 Roma ITALY |
| phone | +3906518991 |
| fax-no | +390651894240 |
| abuse-c | LM3908-RIPE |
| mnt-ref | RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT SEDM |
| mnt-by | RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT SEDM |
| created | 2008-02-20T06:11:12Z |
| last-modified | 2026-05-13T07:32:11Z |
| source | RIPE |
| role | SED Multitel Role |
|---|---|
| address | Via Staro 4 Milano |
| nic-hdl | SMR73-RIPE |
| mnt-by | SEDM |
| created | 2020-11-17T11:49:25Z |
| last-modified | 2020-11-17T11:49:25Z |
| source | RIPE |
as-block: AS35252 - AS35618 descr: RIPE NCC ASN block remarks: These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region. mnt-by: RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT created: 2024-05-01T14:06:15Z last-modified: 2024-05-01T14:06:15Z source: RIPE aut-num: AS35574 as-name: BrightstarLottery descr: Brightstar Lottery S.p.A. is an Italian company providing regulated games. import: from AS6453 accept ANY export: to AS6453 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS3356 accept ANY export: to AS3356 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS174 accept ANY export: to AS174 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS1299 accept ANY export: to AS1299 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS3257 accept ANY export: to AS3257 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS6461 accept ANY export: to AS6461 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS8928 accept ANY export: to AS8928 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS2914 accept ANY export: to AS2914 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS3269 accept AS-IBSCUST export: to AS3269 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import: from AS61315 accept AS61315 export: to AS61315 announce ANY import: from AS48768 accept AS48768 export: to AS48768 announce ANY import: from AS41507 accept AS41507 export: to AS41507 announce ANY import: from AS48177 accept AS48177 export: to AS48177 announce ANY import-via: AS6777 from AS-ANY EXCEPT AS3269 accept ANY export-via: AS6777 to AS-ANY EXCEPT AS3269 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import-via: AS6777 from AS-ANY EXCEPT AS12874 accept ANY export-via: AS6777 to AS-ANY EXCEPT AS12874 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import-via: AS6777 from AS-ANY EXCEPT AS1267 accept ANY export-via: AS6777 to AS-ANY EXCEPT AS1267 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import-via: AS6777 from AS-ANY EXCEPT AS24608 accept ANY export-via: AS6777 to AS-ANY EXCEPT AS24608 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL import-via: AS196959 from AS-ANY EXCEPT AS6939 accept ANY export-via: AS196959 to AS-ANY EXCEPT AS6939 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS6453 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS6453 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS3356 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS3356 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS174 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS174 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS3257 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS3257 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS6461 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS6461 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS8928 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS8928 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS2914 accept ANY mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS2914 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS3269 accept AS-IBSCUST mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS3269 announce AS-SEDMULTITEL mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS61315 accept AS61315 mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS61315 announce ANY mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS48768 accept AS48768 mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS48768 announce ANY mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS41507 accept AS41507 mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS41507 announce ANY mp-import: afi ipv6.unicast from AS48177 accept AS48177 mp-export: afi ipv6.unicast to AS48177 announce ANY org: ORG-LS35-RIPE admin-c: SMR73-RIPE tech-c: SMR73-RIPE status: ASSIGNED notify: [email protected] mnt-by: RIPE-NCC-END-MNT mnt-by: SEDM created: 2005-09-07T12:56:12Z last-modified: 2026-02-02T08:33:38Z source: RIPE organisation: ORG-LS35-RIPE org-name: SED Multitel s.r.l. country: IT reg-nr: 03748020967 org-type: LIR descr: SED Multitel S.r.l. manages network infrastructures address: Viale del Campo Boario 56/d address: 00154 address: Roma address: ITALY phone: +3906518991 fax-no: +390651894240 e-mail: [email protected] abuse-c: LM3908-RIPE mnt-ref: RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT mnt-ref: SEDM mnt-by: RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT mnt-by: SEDM created: 2008-02-20T06:11:12Z last-modified: 2026-05-13T07:32:11Z source: RIPE role: SED Multitel Role address: Via Staro 4 Milano e-mail: [email protected] nic-hdl: SMR73-RIPE mnt-by: SEDM created: 2020-11-17T11:49:25Z last-modified: 2020-11-17T11:49:25Z source: RIPE
