AS Number
AS43141
AS Name
Swiss_Innovative_Arts_and_Technologies_Institute
Org Name
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI)
Country / Region
Switzerland
Registry

ripe

RegDate

Updated

2023-12-11T15:09:58Z

AS43141 Looking Glass
https://net.siati.net
IPv4Prefixes

6

IPv6Prefixes

1

IPv4 NUMs

5,632

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

34,359,738,368

CIDR Description IP Num
31.44.32.0/21
IRR InValid
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI) 2048
31.44.40.0/22
IRR InValid
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI) 1024
31.44.44.0/23
IRR InValid
C41.ch 512
31.44.46.0/23
IRR InValid
C41.ch 512
185.155.176.0/22
IRR InValid
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI) 1024
193.222.104.0/23
IRR InValid
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI) 512
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2a04:1580::/29
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI) 34359738368
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 13,824 111,669,149,696 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS559 Switch - SWITCH, CH Switzerland 2,184,960 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 570,112 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS20811 BRENNERCOM-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT Italy 68,096 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4
AS37468 ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO Angola 9,472 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 84,736 236,223,463,424 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS7195 EDGEUNO S.A.S, CO Colombia 32,000 4,274,061,312 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 47,104 42,949,869,568 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15547 NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH Switzerland 135,424 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS39351 ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE Sweden 14,592 12,886,081,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS202032 GOLINE - GOLINE SA, CH Switzerland 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS6777 AMS-IX-RS - Amsterdam Internet Exchange B.V., NL Netherlands 0 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9930 TTNET-MY - TT DOTCOM SDN BHD, MY Malaysia 741,888 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 37,376 34,359,869,440 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1299 TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE Sweden 411,392 77,326,778,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS5394 Unidata - UNIDATA S.p.A., IT Italy 91,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8660 MATRIX-AS - Italiaonline S.p.A., IT Italy 28,672 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 20,992 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,872 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS2914 NTT-DATA-2914 - NTT America, Inc., US United States 6,499,584 30,065,033,216 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34177 CELESTE-AS - Celeste SAS, FR France 229,376 98,784,247,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 116,992 356,753,080,320 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,216 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS53062 GGNET TELECOMUNICACOES LTDA, BR Brazil 28,416 4,848,746,496 IPv4 IPv4
AS61573 IP TELECOM, BR Brazil 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 140,800 77,423,378,434 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS214443 BEBYTE - BE BYTE SRL, IT Italy 512 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS30844 LIQUID-AS - Liquid Telecommunications Ltd, GB United Kingdom 387,840 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS5392 TELNET-ITALY - TELNET S.r.l., IT Italy 16,384 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS6663 TTI-NET - Euroweb Romania S.R.L., RO Romania 39,680 6,442,450,944 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 2,048 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS15943 WTNET-AS - wilhelm.tel GmbH, DE Germany 354,560 38,654,836,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS25091 IP-Max - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 15,104 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,280 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1031 PEER1-1031 - PEER 1031 LLC, US United States 256 4,294,967,299 IPv4 IPv4
AS9002 RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB United Kingdom 26,624 4,831,838,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS14537 CL-1379-14537 - Continent 8 LLC, US United States 65,536 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34019 HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR France 2,560 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 55,808 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 256 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 458,496 283,043,982,606,336 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12577 MMC-AT-AS - MMC GmbH, AT Austria 9,216 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47147 AS-ANX - Anexia Cloud Solutions GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 131,072 IPv4 IPv4
AS272403 RAFAEL RIGOBERTO LOPEZ OROZCO, MX Mexico 4,096 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT Italy 7,168 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6204 ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO Romania 3,840 268,500,999 IPv4 IPv4
AS12552 GlobalConnect-AS12552 - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 564,992 210,454,380,544 IPv4 IPv4
AS37497 Network-Platforms - Network Platforms (PTY) LTD, ZA South Africa 6,400 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS209823 ENKI-AS - Enki Multimedia EURL, FR France 768 4,295,360,512 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS28716 RETELIT-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT Italy 110,080 107,374,182,400 IPv6 IPv6
AS293 ESNET - ESnet, US United States 140,800 4,295,163,904 IPv4 IPv4
AS13030 INIT7 - Init7 (Switzerland) Ltd., CH Switzerland 117,248 107,395,481,600 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34927 iFog-GmbH - iFog GmbH, CH Switzerland 9,728 328,925,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35625 EUROFIBER-FRANCE - Eurofiber France SAS, FR France 31,488 103,095,992,320 IPv4 IPv4
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 42,496 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS39642 Sinal-AS - Sinal A/S, DK Denmark 560,128 146,028,953,600 IPv4 IPv4
AS48362 TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT Austria 7,936 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS7713 telkomnet-as-ap - Telekomunikasi Indonesia (PT), ID Indonesia 4,276,480 12,885,032,962 IPv4 IPv4
AS32590 VALVE-CORPORATION - Valve Corporation, US United States 13,568 2,293,760 IPv4 IPv4
AS49709 VIDEOBYTE - Videobyte S.r.l., IT Italy 2,048 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS52075 WIFIRST - Wifirst S.A.S., FR France 132,352 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS999 CORIX-999 - CORIX NETWORKS, US United States 70,144 4,295,032,834 IPv4 IPv4
AS8218 NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR France 47,104 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS20912 ASN-PANSERVICE - Giuliano Claudio Peritore trading as "Panservice s.a.s. di Cuseo Fabrizio & C.", IT Italy 18,432 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58511 ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU Australia 22,528 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS64049 RJIPL-SG - Reliance Jio Infocomm Pte.Ltd, SG Singapore 2,048 0 IPv6 IPv6
AS12637 SEEWEB - SEEWEB s.r.l., IT Italy 81,920 188,978,561,024 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34428 EIGHTROUTE - Giulio Lo Presti, IT Italy 512 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57111 ALTITUD - NOVA NETWORKS S.R.L., IT Italy 3,072 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS59890 Kabel-TV-Lampert - Kabel-TV Lampert GmbH & Co KG, AT Austria 13,312 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS60602 INOVARE-AS - Inovare-Prim SRL, MD Moldova 3,584 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS199524 GCORE - G-Core Labs S.A., LU Luxembourg 125,952 118,226,945 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS14840 BR.Digital Telecom, BR Brazil 72,960 14,010,613,760 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15605 CONNESI - Connesi s.p.a., IT Italy 20,992 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 31,232 107,374,247,936 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS61568 ALOO TELECOM - FSF TECNOLOGIA SA, BR Brazil 12,544 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS50877 AIRBEAM-AS - Airbeam S.r.l., IT Italy 6,144 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS200726 ELMEC-CH-AS - Elmec Suisse SA, CH Switzerland 256 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS202032 GOLINE - GOLINE SA, CH Switzerland 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country / Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
Switzerland SwissIX - SwissIX Internet Exchange 91.206.52.206 2001:7f8:24::a885:0:1 10 Gbps 2026-08-21 10:57:39
Italy PCIX - Piacenza Internet Exchange 185.1.97.33 2001:7f8:b9::33:1 10 Gbps 2026-06-19 16:41:58
Italy MIX-IT - Milan Internet eXchange 217.29.67.18 2001:7f8:b:100:1d1:a5d4:3141:18 100 Gbps 2026-07-14 14:05:45
Netherlands AMS-IX - Amsterdam Internet Exchange 80.249.215.208 2001:7f8:1::a504:3141:1 10 Gbps 2026-07-12 21:21:28
Italy MINAP Milan - Milan Neutral Access Point 185.1.114.52 2001:7f8:c5::a504:3141:1 100 Gbps 2026-08-05 00:18:30
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt - DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.192.137 2001:7f8::a885:0:1 20 Gbps 2026-07-12 21:21:28
Switzerland CHIX-CH - CHIXSWITZERLAND 185.1.59.185 2001:7f8:cc:333::185 10 Gbps 2026-06-14 20:45:35

Private Peering Facilities

Country / Region Name City Website Updated
Equinix ZH4 - Zurich Zurich https://www.equinix.com/locations/switzerland-colocation/zurich-data-centers/zh4/ 2026-06-14 20:43:04
Equinix ZH2 - Zurich Zurich https://www.equinix.com/locations/switzerland-colocation/zurich-data-centers/zh2/ 2026-06-14 20:43:19
MIX DC CALDERA Milan https://www.mix-it.net/ 2026-06-14 20:43:27
Equinix ML5 - Milan 5 Settimo Milanese https://www.equinix.com/data-centers/europe-colocation/italy-colocation/milan-data-centers/ml5 2026-06-14 20:43:36
Equinix LD5 - London, Slough Slough http://www.equinix.com 2026-06-14 20:47:52
Equinix FR5 - Frankfurt, KleyerStrasse Frankfurt https://www.equinix.com/locations/germany-colocation/frankfurt-data-centers/fr5/ 2026-06-14 20:48:21
Naquadria Datacenter Piacenza Piacenza https://www.naquadria.it/ 2026-06-19 22:12:22

Whois Record

as-block AS43075 - AS44168

as-block
descr
RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks
These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by
RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created
2023-12-11T15:09:58Z
last-modified
2023-12-11T15:09:58Z
source
RIPE

aut-num AS43141

aut-num
as-name
Swiss_Innovative_Arts_and_Technologies_Institute
org
ORG-ASIA5-RIPE
remarks
---------------------------------------------
Transit providers
---------------------------------------------
COGENT
---------------------------------------------
ARELION
---------------------------------------------
NTT
---------------------------------------------
RETN
--------------------------------------------
Import generic
---------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Export to Peerings and PNI
---------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Route flap damping policy is applied
---------------------------------------------
AS43141 is matching RPKI validation state and reject
invalid prefixes from peers and customers
---------------------------------------------
Peering policy is selective, other technical details on
https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/43141
---------------------------------------------
import
from AS174 accept ANY
from AS1299 accept ANY
from AS2914 accept ANY
from AS9002 accept ANY
from AS-ANY accept ANY
export
to AS174 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
to AS1299 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
to AS2914 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
to AS9002 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
to AS-ANY announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-import
afi ipv6.unicast from AS174 accept ANY
afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 accept ANY
afi ipv6.unicast from AS2914 accept ANY
afi ipv6.unicast from AS9002 accept ANY
afi ipv6.unicast from AS-ANY accept ANY
mp-export
afi ipv6.unicast to AS174 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
afi ipv6.unicast to AS2914 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
afi ipv6.unicast to AS9002 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
afi ipv6.unicast to AS-ANY announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
admin-c
AD18386-RIPE
tech-c
NA9241-RIPE
status
ASSIGNED
mnt-by
RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created
2015-02-05T10:37:52Z
last-modified
2026-05-10T19:59:46Z
source
RIPE

organisation ORG-ASIA5-RIPE

organisation
ORG-ASIA5-RIPE
org-name
Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI)
country
CH
reg-nr
CHE-435.588.257
org-type
LIR
address
Via Aeroporto 4
6527
LODRINO
SWITZERLAND
phone
+41 580582313
e-mail
admin-c
AD18386-RIPE
tech-c
NA9241-RIPE
abuse-c
AR78219-RIPE
mnt-ref
lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
mnt-by
RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created
2025-05-06T08:10:20Z
last-modified
2026-05-13T07:16:10Z
source
RIPE

role Admin Dept

role
Admin Dept
address
Via Aeroporto 4
6527 Lodrino
SWITZERLAND
phone
+41 580582313
e-mail
nic-hdl
AD18386-RIPE
mnt-by
lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created
2025-05-06T08:10:19Z
last-modified
2026-08-15T06:42:01Z
source
RIPE

role NOC

role
NOC
address
Via Aeroporto 4
6527 Lodrino
SWITZERLAND
phone
+41 580582313
e-mail
nic-hdl
NA9241-RIPE
mnt-by
lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created
2025-05-06T08:10:18Z
last-modified
2026-08-15T06:42:01Z
source
RIPE

as-block:       AS43075 - AS44168
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2023-12-11T15:09:58Z
last-modified:  2023-12-11T15:09:58Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS43141
as-name:        Swiss_Innovative_Arts_and_Technologies_Institute
org:            ORG-ASIA5-RIPE
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        Transit providers
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        COGENT
import:         from AS174 accept ANY
export:         to AS174 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS174 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS174 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        ARELION
import:         from AS1299 accept ANY
export:         to AS1299 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        NTT
import:         from AS2914 accept ANY
export:         to AS2914 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS2914 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS2914 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        RETN
import:         from AS9002 accept ANY
export:         to AS9002 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS9002 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS9002 announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
remarks:        --------------------------------------------
remarks:        Import generic
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
import:         from AS-ANY accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS-ANY accept ANY
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        Export to Peerings and PNI
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
export:         to AS-ANY announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS-ANY announce AS43141:AS-NETWORK
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        Route flap damping policy is applied
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        AS43141 is matching RPKI validation state and reject
remarks:        invalid prefixes from peers and customers
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
remarks:        Peering policy is selective, other technical details on
remarks:        https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/43141
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------
admin-c:        AD18386-RIPE
tech-c:         NA9241-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
mnt-by:         lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created:        2015-02-05T10:37:52Z
last-modified:  2026-05-10T19:59:46Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-ASIA5-RIPE
org-name:       Associazione SWISS INNOVATIVE ARTS & TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE (SIATI)
country:        CH
reg-nr:         CHE-435.588.257
org-type:       LIR
address:        Via Aeroporto 4
address:        6527
address:        LODRINO
address:        SWITZERLAND
phone:          +41 580582313
e-mail:         [email protected]
admin-c:        AD18386-RIPE
tech-c:         NA9241-RIPE
abuse-c:        AR78219-RIPE
mnt-ref:        lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created:        2025-05-06T08:10:20Z
last-modified:  2026-05-13T07:16:10Z
source:         RIPE

role:           Admin Dept
address:        Via Aeroporto 4
address:        6527 Lodrino
address:        SWITZERLAND
phone:          +41 580582313
e-mail:         [email protected]
nic-hdl:        AD18386-RIPE
mnt-by:         lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created:        2025-05-06T08:10:19Z
last-modified:  2026-08-15T06:42:01Z
source:         RIPE

role:           NOC
address:        Via Aeroporto 4
address:        6527 Lodrino
address:        SWITZERLAND
phone:          +41 580582313
e-mail:         [email protected]
nic-hdl:        NA9241-RIPE
mnt-by:         lir-ch-siati-1-MNT
created:        2025-05-06T08:10:18Z
last-modified:  2026-08-15T06:42:01Z
source:         RIPE